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RHODESGRASS MEALYBUG (= Rhodesgrass Scale) Antonina graminis (Maskell)--Homoptera, Pseudococcidae (Contacts) ----- CLICK on Photo to enlarge &
search for Subject Matter with Ctrl/F. GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases Rhodesgrass
mealybug (often called Rhodesgrass scale) became an important pest of forage
and lawn grasses in Texas after 1940.
Of Asiatic origin, this mealybug infests at least 69 species of lawn
and turf grasses (Dean et al. 1979).
A classical biological control project resulted in the introduction of
several species of parasitoids (Schuster et al. 1971). However, complete control was attained by
the flightless encyrtid Neodusmetia
sangwani (Rao), imported
from India after being disseminated by aircraft (Schuster et al. 1971,
Dahlsten & Hall 1999). By 1976 it
was estimated that the parasitoid saved ca. 17 million dollars annually in
turfgrass management costs (Dean et al. 1979). For greater detail
on biological control effort and biologies of host and natural enemies,
please also see the following (Riherd 1950, 1951; Ferris 1953, Questel &
Genung 1957, 1961; Narayanan et al. 1957, Dean & Schuster 1958, Chada
& Wood 1960, Dean 1960, Parker 1960, Beardsley 1961, Dean et al. 1961,
Anonymous 1965, Rao 1965, Schuster 1965, 1967; Coronado & Sosa-Esquiliano
1966, Fonseca 1967, Bartlett 1978). REFERENCES: [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL
Library ] Anonymous. 1940. The felted grass-coccid. Queensland Agr. J. 54: 398. Anonymous. 1965. Instrucciones
para el manejo del parásito Dusmetia
sangwani Rao, un enemigo
natural de la escame algodonosa de los pastos (Antonina graminis
(Maskell)). Fitofilo 18: 14-18. Bartlett, B. R. 1978.
Pseudococcidae. In: C. P.
Clausen (ed.), Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and
Weeds: A World Review. U. S. Dept.
Agric., Agric. Handbk. 480. 545 p. Beardsley, J. W.
1961. A review of the Hawaiian
Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Hawaii.
Ent. Soc. Proc. 17: 333-78. Brimblecrombe, A. R.
1966. The occurrence of the
genus Antoninae (Homoptera: Coccoidae) in Queensland. J. Ent. Soc. Queensland 5: 5-6. Burks, B. D. 1957. A new parasite of the rhodes-grass scale
(Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 52: 124-27. Chada, H. L. & E. A. Wood, Jr. 1960. Biology and
control of the Rhodes grass scale. U.
S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1221. 21 p. Clausen, C. P. 1951. The time factor in biological
control. J. Econ.
Ent. 44: 1-9. Coronado, R. & E.
Sosa-Esquiliano. 1966. Campaña contra la mosca pinta y la escame
algodonosa de los pastos. Fitofilo
19: 5-51. Dahlsten, D. L. & R. W. Hall. 1999. Biological control
of insects in outdoor urban environments.
In: Bellows, T. S. & T. W. Fisher (eds.), Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, New York. 1046 p. Dean, H. A. 1960. Introduction and establishment of Anagyrus antoninae on Rhodes grass scale in Mexico. J. Econ. Ent. 53: 694-95. Dean, H. A. & M. F. Schuster. 1958. Biological
control of Rhodes grass scale in Texas.
J. Econ. Ent. 51: 363-66. Dean, H. A., M. F. Schuster & J. C. Bailey. 1961.
The introduction and establishment of Dusmetia sangwani
on Antoninae graminis in south Texas. J. Econ. Ent. 54: 925-54. Dean, H. A., M. F. Schuster, J. C. Boling & P. T.
Riherd. 1979. Complete biological control of Antonina graminis in Texas with Neodusmetia
sangwani (a classic
example). Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer.
25: 262-67. Dean, H. A., M. F. Schuster & J. C. Bailey. 1961.
The introduction and establishment of Dusmetia sangwani
on Antonina graminis in South Texas. J. Econ. Ent. 54: 952-54. Ferris, G. F. 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North
America. VI. The Pseudococcidae (Part II). p. 279-506.
Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, Calif., & Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford Univ. Press,
London. Fonseca, J. Pinto da. 1967.
Una cochonilha de capim recentemente introduzida no Brasil. Biológico 33: 57-61. Green, E. E. 1908. Remarks on Indian scale insects
(Coccidae). Pt. 3. Dept. Agr. Mem., Indian Ent. Ser. 2. p. 15-46. Guagliumi, P. 1963. Insectos y Arachnidos de las plantas
comunes de Venezuela. DIPUVEN. Kerrich, G. J. 1964. On the European species of Dusmetia Mercet, and an new
oriental genus (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae). Entomophaga 9:
75-9. Machado da Costa, J., R. N. Williams
& M. F. Schuster. 1969. Cochonilha dos Capins, "Antonina graminis" no Brasil-Parte II-Introducae de Neodusmetia sangwani, inimigo natural de
cochoxilha. O. Biologico. (1969). Marrow, J. 1959. The relationship of soils, precipitation,
phosphorous fertilization and live stock grazing to vegetational composition
and forage production of native vegetation on the Encino Division of the King
Ranch. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A. &
M. Univ. Maskell, W. M. 1897. On the collection of Coccidae principally
from China and Japan. Ent. Mon. Mag.
33: 239-44. Narayanan, E. S., B. R. Subba Rao & H. S. Sangwan. 1957.
New species of the parasites of the Rhodes grass scale from the Indian
Union. Indian J. Ent. 19: 65-6. Nord, E. C. 1956. The influence of drought, fertilization
and clipping on native range vegetation in south Texas. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas A. & M. Univ. Parker, H. L. 1960. Parasites and predators associated with
some grass scale found in France.
Wash. Ent. Soc. Proc. 62:
167-79. Questel, D. D. & W. G. Genung. 1957. Establishment of
the parasite Anagyrus antoninae in Florida for the
control of Rhodes grass scale. Fla.
Ent. 40: 123-25. Questel, D. D. & W. G. Genung. 1961. Effects of a
severe winter on survival of the recently established parasite of the Rhodes
grass scale in Florida. Fla. Ent.
44: 115. Rao, B. R. S. 1957. Some new species of Indian
Hymenoptera. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.
46: 385-90. Rao, V. P. 1965. Shipment of Dusmetia sangwani
Subba Rao, a parasite of the Rhodes grass scale to U.S.A. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control, Tech.
Bull. 5: 145-48. Richardson, B. H.
1953. Insecticidal control of
rhodesgrass scale on St. Augustine grass lawns. J. Econ. Ent. 46:
426-30. Riherd, P. T. 1950. Biological notes on Anagyrus antoninae
Timberlake (Hymenoptera--Encyrtidae) and its host Antonina graminia
(Maskell) (Homoptera--Coccidae). Fla. Ent.
33: 18-22. Riherd, P. T. 1951. Status of the Rhodes grass scale parasites
in Texas. J. Econ.
Ent. 44: 622-23. Schuster, M. F. 1965. Studies on the biology of Dusmetia sangwani (Hymenoptera--Encyrtidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58: 272-75. Schuster, M. F. 1967a. Notes on Neodesmetia sangwani
in Texas. In: Internatl.
Adv. Com. Biol. Control, Biol. Control Inform. Bull. 2: 60. Schuster, M. F. 1967b. Response of forage grasses to rhodesgrass
scale. J. Range Management 20: 307-09. Schuster, M. F. & J. C. Boling. 1970. Biological
control of rhodesgrass scale in Texas by Neodusmetia
sangwani (Rao);
effectiveness and colonization studies.
Texas A. & M. Univ. Press. Schuster, M. F., J. C. Boling & J. J. Marony, Jr. 1971.
Biological control of rhodesgrass scale by airplane releases of an
introduced parasite of limited dispersing activity. p. 227-250. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological
Control. Plenum Press, New York. 511 p. Wene, G. P. & P. T. Riherd. 1950. Oil emulsion to
control rhodes grass scale. J. Econ.
Ent. 43: 386. Williams, R. N. & M. F.
Schuster. 1969. Cochonilha dos capin (Antonina graminis)
no Brasil. Part I. Distribuicao E. Plantas Hospldeiras. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira. |